·In the 19th century cyanide leaching was proposed and then it was widely used in gold processing due to its advantages of maturity low cost and high leaching efficiency Li et al 2020 Around the world about 90% of gold is recovered by this method Acar 2016; Tu et al 2019 thereby resulting in the production of billions of tons of cyanide tailings CTs since 1950
·Water use and energy consumption in mining have been identified as two key business risks by the mining industry Further it is identified that future availability of water supply is a significant risk for the hard rock mining sector and a range of treatment methods for mitigating the impending risk are essential as competition for access to water increases with increased
·MICP technology is now widely used in tailings solidification Dong et al 2023 solidification of lead and zinc tailings using MICP technology when the thickness of lead zinc tailings was 2 cm the unconfined compressive strength of the specimen was the maximum up to MPa and the calcium carbonate content was up to % At the same time Fe 3 Zn
·Over the last two decades much effort has been devoted to development of technologies for oil sand tailings treatment including composite tailings flocculation by polymers fine tailings centrifuge and freeze/thaw method Jeremy Boswell 2012 Xu et al 2008 Flocculation by polymers has been extensively explored and implemented by the oil
·However many are the treatment methods that can be used to valorize activate and prepare mine tailings Such treatment approaches can be generally classified as chemical mechanical and thermal while a combination of which is also possible The aim of treatment s is to change the chemical physical and mineralogical state of mine tailings
An integral and key component of many water management systems at mining sites is the approach adopted to manage cyanide containing solutions and slurries Excluding the bulk storage of cyanide reagents such as sodium cyanide most cyanide present at mining sites will be present in water solutions Therefore to a great extent the management of water and the
·Successful fine tailings reclamation requires the continuous improvement of current technologies and the development of sustainable technologies to address the uncertainties associated with the current FT management methods Biological treatments have shown increasing promise in the remediation of oil affected environments at low cost and
·Enhancing solid water separation is the key to water recovery and land reclamation from tailings which is limited by the fine clay particles in MFT Wang et al 2024 Fig 1 b shows a consolidated MFT cake after mechanical compression which mainly consists of clay particles Solid particles with a size equal to or less than 44 μm are considered as fines
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