·Thermal stress is the primary cause for the damage of rocks subjected to LN 2 cooling There are two mechanisms for thermal stress generation in this rapid cooling process 1 the temperature gradient and 2 the mismatched deformation among neighboring minerals [36] When contacted with rock cryogenic LN 2 boils violently The boiling heating transfer of
·Recently in 2021 Xia et al [35] recovered % of Ta in powder form from TCs via cryogenic crushing alkaline calcination leaching process The calcination was carried out at 700 • C to
·The JFC series of cryogenic sample crushers consist of a cell a tungsten carbide steel ball The sample and the steel ball are placed inside the cell which is attached to a crush rod and the rod is attached to the main unit The cell is immersed in liquid nitrogen to cool the sample and the steel ball Then the crush rod is set in up and down reciprocating motion
·In the following the theoretical background of cryogenic grinding and a new technology based on an alternative cooling equipment are presented With the alternative technology the operation costs during cold grinding will be drastically reduced At the end experimental results show effects of the variation of different running parameters
·1 Introduction As a typical cryogenic fluid liquid nitrogen LN 2 has been widely applied in various industrial sectors including aerospace systems cryosurgery systems as well as the cooling of superconductivity cables [1] [2] In oil and gas industry researchers are exploring a novel technique called cryogenic fracturing which utilizes the cryogenic temperature of LN 2 to
·Improvement of energy efficiency in comminution of rocks using various pretreatment methods is being explored worldwide This paper presents experimental data on breakage characteristics of granite and sandstone using cryogenic pre treatment The samples were treated with varying duration of immersion in liquid nitrogen Combined pretreatment
·Field applications have shown positive results in the capability of cryogenic fracturing to improve near well permeability Grundmann et al 1998; McDaniel et al 1997 Investigating cryogenic stimulation Cha et al 2014 used liquid nitrogen to initiate and propagate fractures on unconfined rock specimens by the strong thermal gradient
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