47of lead smelting slags LSS among which million tons with a cover area of 48million square meters were determined as hazardous wastes The smelters used 49following a process of classical sinter roasting blast furnace smelting to yield lead 50bullion Zhou et al 2002 The LSS produced from this process is a kind of high
·Thus EAFD becomes an important secondary resource from an economic and environmental point of view since its treatment can promote the recovery of zinc a high value element and reduce the disposal of this waste in the environment Fig 3 shows the process flowsheet of the Waelz kiln implemented on the Aspen Plus simulator Download
·With the rapid development of steelmaking industry the global crude steel production reached a stage of billion tons in 2015 World Steel Association 2016 The crude steel production is accompanied by a large amount of dust/sludge slag wastewater and exhaust gas which pose a great threat to both environment and human health Mo et al 2015 Gomes
·The Waelz process is the most used route in the world for the treatment of electric arc furnace dust EAFD [] It is a pyrometallurgical process characterized by the volatilization of metals like zinc cadmium and lead in a rotary kiln from a solid mixture by means of reduction by coal or other reduction agent generating a solid slag []
·The rotary hearth furnace RHF is an effective method for treating zinc bearing dust and has been widely adopted in recent years [[20] [21] [22]] Fig 1 b illustrates the process flow for treating zinc bearing dust using the RHF As shown in Fig 1 zinc bearing dust and raw materials such as carbon powder undergo batching balling and drying before entering the RHF
·A large amount of dust is formed as one of the primary by products during the blast furnace ironmaking process Besides iron and carbon it contains a variety of valuable metals such as zinc lead and indium widely applied in many industry fields However it is difficult to recycle and reutilize blast furnace dust BFD due to complex composition fine particle size
·Similar to cement kiln sintering processes pyrometallurgical processes such as the Waelz rotary kiln process the rotary hearth furnace process and the smelting reduction process have been extensively employed to recover valuable metals from metallurgical wastes rich in heavy metals such as Zn Pb Cu Ni etc Mu et al 2018; Peng et al
·Abstract Copper anode slimes the by product of the copper electrorefining process have been the subject of extensive investigation for recovering precious metals viz Au Ag Pt and Pd in addition to being the main source of rare/energy critical elements such as Se and Te There have been various approaches aiming at the development of extraction
·Lead is an important non ferrous metal with broad applications in batteries machinery manufacturing and medicine Both primary lead ores mainly galena rich PbS and secondary resources mainly waste lead acid batteries are used as raw materials for lead production Chen et al 2009 In developed countries lead resources mainly come from
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